Assignment 104 "Victorian Poetic Voices: A Comparative Analysis of Tennyson and Browning"

 

This blog digital representative version of An assignment is part of a task which is based on the academic paper Literature of the Romantics, The assignment is based on Unit 4 “Tennyson and Browning” The Assignment task was given by Dr. Dilip Barad, and for the reference of the task detail reading click here. Certainly, here's a unique and intriguing answer so, this blog is through out given under this topic…

* Personal Details:- 

Name:- Hiral Vaitha 

Roll No:- 11 

Semester:- 1(Batch2023-25) 

Enrollment No:- 5108230046 

Email Id:- hiralvaitha2@gmail.com

* Academic Assignment Details:- 

Paper Name:- Literature of the Victorians 

Paper Code:- 22395 

Paper No:- 104

Topic:-"Victorian Poetic Voices: A Comparative Analysis of Tennyson and Browning"  

Submitted to:- Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU. 

Date Of Submission:- 01 December,2023.

* Table of Contents:- 

• Abstract 
• Keywords 
• Introduction 
• Information about Tennyson and Browning 
• 14 famous Victorian Poets and Writers
• Poetic Styles and Forms 
• Themes and Subjects in their works
• Narrative Techniques 
• Comparative Analysis
• Conclusion 
• References

Abstract:-

This comparative study delves into the influential voices of Alfred Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning, illuminating their profound impact on Victorian poetry. Delving into their biographical backgrounds, the analysis uncovers the formative experiences and influences that shaped Tennyson's and Browning's literary journeys. A meticulous exploration of their distinct poetic styles and forms unravels the intricate tapestries of language, structure, and literary techniques woven into their works, showcasing their individualistic approaches to poetic expression. The study navigates through prevalent themes and subjects pervasive in their poetry, offering a nuanced understanding of the diverse motifs interwoven in their verses.

Moreover, the investigation scrutinizes the narrative techniques employed by these poets, shedding light on Tennyson's and Browning's unique storytelling methodologies, including Browning's mastery of the dramatic monologue. By dissecting the social and cultural milieus depicted in their verses, the study provides insights into how Tennyson and Browning both mirrored and critiqued the societal norms and values of the Victorian era. Additionally, it delves into the ethical and philosophical dimensions embedded in their works, unraveling the moral quandaries and profound reflections on the human condition present in their poetry. Through a comparative lens, this analysis unveils both the shared elements and distinctive contributions of these poets, offering a comprehensive understanding of their lasting impact on Victorian literary landscapes.

Keywords:-

• Victorian poetry 
• Poetic styles 
• Narrative techniques 
• Themes and subjects 
• Philosophical concerns 

Introduction:-

The Victorian era bore witness to a rich tapestry of literary voices, and among them, Alfred Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning stand as influential pillars of Victorian poetry. This comparative study endeavors to illuminate the enduring impact of these two poets on the literary landscapes of their time. By peering into the formative experiences and influences embedded within their biographical backgrounds, the analysis seeks to unravel the intricacies that shaped Tennyson's and Browning's distinct literary journeys. As we journey through their lives, we will embark on a meticulous exploration of their poetic styles and forms, unraveling the complex threads of language, structure, and literary techniques woven into the fabric of their works.

Within this literary odyssey, we will navigate through the prevalent themes and subjects that pervade Tennyson's and Browning's poetry, delving into the diverse motifs interwoven within their verses. The investigation will extend its gaze to the narrative techniques employed by these poets, offering insights into Tennyson's adept storytelling and Browning's mastery of the dramatic monologue. Beyond the realms of individual expression, our exploration will encompass the societal and cultural milieus depicted in their verses, providing a nuanced understanding of how Tennyson and Browning mirrored and critiqued the societal norms and values of the Victorian era.

Moreover, this literary expedition will venture into the ethical and philosophical dimensions embedded in their works, unraveling the moral quandaries and profound reflections on the human condition present in their poetry. Through the lens of comparison, this analysis seeks to unveil both the shared elements and distinctive contributions of these influential poets, offering a comprehensive understanding of their lasting impact on Victorian literary landscapes.

Information about Tennyson and Browning:-

• Tennyson:-
  

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, a renowned English poet born in 1809 in Lincolnshire, England, emerged as a prominent figure during the Victorian era, often regarded as its chief poetic representative. His literary journey traversed through various phases, notably marked by the publication of "Poems" in 1842, a collection containing "Morte d'Arthur," "Locksley Hall," and "The Vision of Sin." Tennyson's turning point arrived in 1850 with the publication of "In Memoriam," a profound response to the untimely death of his friend Hallam, exploring themes of life, death, and the struggle between traditional religious faith and emerging scientific theories.

His literary acclaim solidified with works like "Maud" (1855) and the monumental "Idylls of the King" (1859), a series of Arthurian poems delving into the complexities of Camelot's downfall due to the adulterous love of Lancelot and Queen Guinevere. Tennyson's position as the national poet was confirmed by pieces like "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington" (1852) and "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1855). His life settled into stability after his marriage, leading to a more secluded existence at Farringford and Aldworth.

Throughout his career, Tennyson grappled with the doubts and uncertainties of an age challenging established Christian beliefs, expressing these introspective musings through his poetry. His works, known for their metrical variety, descriptive imagery, and exquisite melodies, resonated with readers, offering an intimate portrayal of personal struggles amidst the changing tides of societal and scientific evolution. While his popularity faced scrutiny and evolving criticisms during and after his lifetime, the enduring greatness of poems like "Ulysses" and the profound representation of the Victorian Age in "In Memoriam" continue to secure Tennyson's place as a pivotal figure in English literary history.

                                (Wallace)

• Browning:-

Robert Browning, a major Victorian poet born in London in 1812, is celebrated for his mastery of the dramatic monologue and psychological depth in his works. His acclaimed masterpiece, "The Ring and the Book" (1868–69), unfolds a Roman murder trial through 12 books, each portraying varied perspectives of the characters involved. Browning's literary legacy was often overshadowed by misconceptions—his profound dramatic nature often misunderstood, leading to debates about his deliberate obscurity and simplistic optimism in his poetry. Despite occasional complexities in style and syntax, Browning's works reveal an intricate interplay of perspectives, unexpected viewpoints, and satirical elements that challenge readers.

Browning's writing showcases a range of themes and narrative techniques, employing the dramatic monologue to give voice to diverse characters and their varying interpretations of shared events. He employed elliptical syntax, sometimes causing confusion, yet inviting deeper exploration into his characters' psyche. While his works might suggest an optimistic view of human nature, they also portray a nuanced understanding of human conduct and compromise. Browning's characters, though often ironical, present an exhaustive catalog of human motives, emphasizing his belief in loving hearts, honest natures, and the complexities of moral decisions.

"The Ring and the Book" stands as a testament to Browning's distinctive qualities—over 20,000 lines of unfaltering blank verse that unravel a multifaceted narrative through conflicting monologues, unveiling the depths of human ethical considerations. Despite fluctuations in critical acclaim during his lifetime and afterward, Browning's influence endures, notably in shaping modern poetry through his development of the dramatic monologue and his unique portrayal of the human psyche in the complexities of modern life. His enduring virtues of technical prowess, imaginative depth, and profound interest in humanity ensure his place among the greatest English poets.

                                                                      (Drew)

14 famous Victorian Poets and Writers:-

• Alfred Lord Tennyson
• Robert Browning
• Arthur Hugh Clough
• Benjamin Disraeli
• Charles Dickens
• Edward Fitzgerald
• Elizabeth Barrett Browning
• Emily Bronte
• George Eliot
• Mathew Arnold
• Robert Louis Stevenson
• Walt Whitman
• Wilkie Collins
• William Thackeray

Following QR code illustrates information regarding given Poets and Writers, which is made by me.PDF in this QR is downloadable. 

Poetic Styles and Forms:-

According to my study on an article of Meshram  here I am providing my point of view:

The given details offer insights into the contrasting poetic styles and forms of Robert Browning and Alfred Lord Tennyson within the Victorian era. 

Browning’s poetic style is marked by its intricacy and depth, focusing on complex and subtle aspects of human nature. His works delve into the psyche of characters, offering profound analyses of their motives and mental processes. His approach is often energetic, portraying the abnormal and unusual in human nature. Browning’s poetry tends toward intellectual analysis, dissecting the soul and exploring human motives in a manner that aligns with the scientific movement of his time. He anticipated elements of impressionism in his portrayal of sudden human passion and impressions on the senses, presenting a unique perspective amidst his contemporaries.

In contrast, Tennyson’s style embodies a more melancholic tone, frequently carrying a touch of nostalgia. He draws inspiration from external, specific realities, objects, and ideas, expressing them through ornate language. Tennyson's work often reflects external environments and themes rooted in classical mythology, presenting noble and common forms of human nature. He excels at penning short lyrical poems and compositions that exhibit musical beauty and careful composition, aiming for clarity and elegance in expression.

Browning’s style is characterized by its originality and lack of adherence to traditional rules, sometimes sacrificing melody and sweetness of versification for the sake of thought and complexity. He is often regarded as neglectful in terms of melody and composition, favoring the intellectual aspects of poetry over its musicality. Tennyson, on the other hand, showcases a consistent focus on poetic beauty, employing sensitivity and dexterity in word choice and composition to create musicality and harmony in his verses.

In terms of subject matter, Browning's poems tackle complex and abnormal aspects of human nature, exploring the uncommon and subtle, while Tennyson’s works often touch upon noble, common, and loving forms of humanity. Browning’s themes encompass a wide range of subjects, surpassing the limitations of societal norms or conventions, reflecting a universal perspective. Tennyson, in contrast, occasionally captures the depth of human life but tends to remain within the boundaries of English society, representing more conventional themes and sentiments.

Overall, Browning’s style is characterized by its complexity, intellectual depth, and exploration of the abnormal, while Tennyson’s style leans towards elegance, musicality, and a focus on more common and noble aspects of human nature.

    (MESHRAM)

Themes and Subjects in their works:-

• Tennyson:-

From the detailed analysis provided about Alfred Lord Tennyson's poetry, several major themes and subjects emerge:

• Death: 

Tennyson's exploration of death is deeply personal and sustained. After the sudden death of his friend, Arthur Henry Hallam, Tennyson's obsession with death became prominent. His poems like "Ulysses," "Tithonus," "The Two Voices," "In Memoriam," and "Crossing the Bar" reflect different facets of death, portraying it as both an inevitability and a profound exploration of the afterlife.

• Nature: 

Nature plays a pivotal role in Tennyson's poetry. He portrays nature in various forms, sometimes as sensuous and beguiling, and at other times as chaotic and indifferent to humankind. Poems like "Lotus Eaters," "Break, Break, Break," and "Crossing the Bar" showcase Tennyson's multifaceted depiction of nature and its relationship with human life.

• Spirituality: 

Tennyson's deep-seated faith in Christianity is evident in his poetry, particularly in "In Memoriam." While mourning the loss of his friend, his adherence to Christian faith helps him navigate grief, doubts, and desolation, leading to a realization of God's divine plan for every individual.

• Time: 

Tennyson contemplates the implications of time in his poems, often emphasizing the fleeting nature of life. He urges readers not to waste the precious gift of life and to live meaningfully and happily. This theme is prominent in various works across his poetry.

• Courage: 

Courage is a recurring theme in Tennyson's poetry. He celebrates heroes and heroines who exhibit immense courage, defiance, and valor even in the face of adversity. Poems like "The Charge of the Light Brigade," "The Princess: A Medley," "Morte d'Arthur," and "Ulysses" portray characters displaying extraordinary courage.

These major themes reflect Tennyson's versatile and profound exploration of human experiences, emotions, and existential inquiries within the context of his Victorian era. His ability to articulate these themes through various poetic forms and styles contributes to his stature as a significant figure in English poetry.

     (THOMAS)

• Browning:-

The provided text primarily discusses the state of Browning studies, with a focus on the decline in the number of dissertations on Robert Browning in recent years. Here are some key themes and subjects identified from the given details:

• Decline in Browning Studies: 

The text highlights a significant decline in the number of dissertations on Robert Browning, particularly between 1970-1979 and 2000-2009. The author suggests factors such as faculty retirements, budget constraints, and changing pressures on humanities research as possible contributors to this decline.

• Challenges in Academic Settings: 

The challenges faced by specialists in Victorian poetry, including Browning, within university settings are discussed. The impact of faculty retirements, budget constraints, and the need for public advocacy to emphasize the importance of studying Victorian poetry are mentioned.

• Public Advocacy for Humanities Research: 

The text suggests that specialists in Victorian poetry may need to engage in more public advocacy to demonstrate the vital importance of their field, both within universities and to a broader public. The study of poetry, especially from historical periods, is argued to be crucial for understanding human consciousness and fostering complex thinking.

• Importance of Browning's Work: 

The text underscores the importance of studying Browning's work, emphasizing that poets like Browning are "poet-coders of human experiences" and their writing serves as a reservoir of powerful analytical thinking. The study of Browning's work is portrayed as a training ground for ultra-creativity and ethical thought.

• Scholarly Editions of Browning's Poetry: 

The discussion includes references to major scholarly editions of Browning's poetry published in 2012, particularly highlighting volumes from The Poems of Browning and The Complete Works of Robert Browning. These editions are seen as valuable resources for scholars engaging in historical and textual research.

• Digital Media in Browning Studies: 

The text suggests that the use of new digital media could be a logical development in Browning studies. It proposes the idea of a "Browning Archive" that could utilize digital tools to enhance accessibility for scholars and general readers, facilitating navigation through Browning's extensive oeuvre and associated historical contexts.

• Ongoing Vitality of Browning Studies: 

Despite challenges, the text acknowledges the ongoing vitality of Browning studies, as evidenced by the wealth of material published in his bicentenary year (2012). Scholarly editions, including authoritative editions of Browning's later poems, are highlighted as contributing to sustained critical attention to Browning's work.

These identified themes reflect a concern for the state and future trajectory of Browning studies, emphasizing both the challenges faced and the continued significance of studying the works of Robert Browning.

                                                    (BAILEY)

Narrative Techniques:-

• Browning:-

Robert Browning's narrative techniques within dramatic monologues are a testament to his literary prowess, elevating his works to timeless masterpieces. Through his innovative approach to character voices, psychological depth, and thematic exploration, Browning invites readers into a realm where the complexities of human psychology and emotion are vividly portrayed. His monologues provide an intimate platform for characters to voice their innermost thoughts, blurring the lines between speaker and reader to forge a deep connection.

Character voices in Browning's monologues are distinct and serve to convey not just thoughts but also attitudes, biases, and societal influences. For instance, "Porphyria's Lover" reveals the speaker's obsessive nature through narration, providing insights into the psychology and motivations of the characters. This manipulation of voices creates dynamic narratives that engage readers profoundly. Browning's mastery lies in his ability to delve into intricate human psychology, as seen in monologues such as "The Laboratory," where he navigates characters through complex emotions, conflicts, and moral ambiguities, evoking empathy and tension.

Moreover, Browning constructs intricate storylines employing unreliable narrators to selectively reveal information, as demonstrated in "Fra Lippo Lippi." This technique enhances reader engagement and interpretation, making his monologues intellectually stimulating. Browning's thematic exploration of power dynamics, societal norms, and moral dilemmas, evident in works like "The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed's Church," amplifies the exploration of profound concepts, allowing readers to engage deeply with thought-provoking themes.

In essence, Browning's narrative techniques transcend conventional storytelling, fostering a profound connection between his characters and readers. His acute understanding of human complexities, portrayed through characters' internal struggles, offers a window into universal human experiences, leaving an indelible mark on literary landscapes. Through his works, Browning mirrors the Victorian era while serving as a timeless window into the perennial aspects of the human psyche.

                                                                         (N)

• Tennyson:-

Alfred, Lord Tennyson was a master storyteller who employed a variety of narrative techniques to create compelling and memorable poems. His techniques are evident in his works such as "In Memoriam," "The Charge of the Light Brigade," and "Idylls of the King."

• Vivid Imagery: 

Tennyson's poetry is rich in vivid imagery, which he uses to create a sense of place, atmosphere, and emotion. For instance, in "In Memoriam," he describes a grief-stricken speaker wandering through a desolate landscape, using imagery to convey the speaker's inner turmoil.

• Suspense and Foreshadowing:

Tennyson masterfully builds suspense and foreshadowing to keep his readers engaged. He often drops hints about future events, creating a sense of anticipation and uncertainty. In "The Charge of the Light Brigade," for example, he describes the soldiers preparing for battle, hinting at the tragic consequences that await them.

• Symbolism: 

Tennyson employs symbolism to add depth and complexity to his narratives. He uses objects, events, or characters to represent abstract ideas or emotions. In "Idylls of the King," the quest for the Holy Grail symbolizes the search for spiritual enlightenment.

• Varied Narrative Voices: 

Tennyson's narratives often feature multiple narrators, each offering a unique perspective on the events unfolding. This technique allows him to explore different facets of his characters and themes. In "In Memoriam," he employs a variety of voices, including the bereaved speaker, friends, and even nature itself.

• Dramatic Dialogue: 

Tennyson's narratives often incorporate dramatic dialogue, which adds a sense of immediacy and realism to his storytelling. He uses dialogue to reveal the inner thoughts and motivations of his characters. In "The Charge of the Light Brigade," the dialogue between the soldiers captures their camaraderie and courage in the face of impending doom.

            (Bloom and Bloom) (Bristow) (O'Gorman) 

Comparative Analysis:-

here is a comparative analysis of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning, along with comparative table: 

Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning were two of the most prominent English poets of the Victorian era, each leaving an indelible mark on the literary landscape. While both poets shared a mastery of language and a penchant for exploring profound themes, their poetic styles and approaches to subject matter diverged significantly, reflecting their unique perspectives and sensibilities.

• Poetic Styles:- 

Tennyson, the quintessential Victorian poet, was renowned for his melodious verse, characterized by its rhythmic flow, harmonious sounds, and evocative imagery. His poetry often exuded a sense of serenity, beauty, and contemplation, drawing inspiration from nature, love, loss, and the human condition. 

In contrast, Browning's poetic style was more dramatic and intellectually stimulating. He excelled in the dramatic monologue, a form that allowed him to delve into the minds and emotions of his characters, revealing their inner conflicts, motivations, and psychological complexities. His poetry was often charged with energy, wit, and irony, engaging the reader in a dialogue with the speaker.

• Thematic Exploration:-

Tennyson's poetry was deeply rooted in traditional themes, exploring the universal human experiences of love, loss, faith, and the individual's relationship with nature and the cosmos. His poems often grappled with questions of mortality, grief, and the search for meaning in life. 

Browning, on the other hand, was more inclined to explore contemporary social and philosophical issues. His poetry delved into themes of religion, morality, social injustice, and the complexities of human relationships. He often challenged conventional beliefs and societal norms, inviting readers to engage in critical thinking and self-reflection.

• Narrative Techniques:-

Tennyson's narratives were often characterized by their lyrical quality and use of vivid imagery. He employed a range of narrative techniques, including suspense, foreshadowing, and symbolism, to create compelling and evocative stories. His poems often featured multiple narrators, offering diverse perspectives on the events unfolding. 

Browning's narratives were more dramatic and psychologically intense. His dramatic monologues allowed him to explore the inner lives of his characters with depth and nuance. He often employed irony, ambiguity, and dramatic dialogue to create a sense of immediacy and engagement for the reader.

            (Bristow)(Bristow)(Miller)(Widger)(Brown)

Feature	Alfred, Lord Tennyson	Robert Browning
Poetic style	-Melodic -Imagistic -Traditional	-Dramatic -Psychological -Innovative
Themes	-Love -loss  -Nature -Religion	-Social issues -Philosophy -psychology
Forms	-Sonnet,  -Blank verse, -lyric	-Dramatic monologue
Tone	-Serene -Elegiac -Meditative	-Dramatic -Ironic -Ambiguous

Conclusion:-

In the vast tapestry of Victorian poetry, Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning stand as monumental figures, each contributing a unique hue to the literary canvas of their time. Their divergent poetic styles and thematic explorations offer a captivating glimpse into the contrasting facets of the Victorian era. Tennyson, with his melodious verse and evocative imagery, navigated the tranquil realms of love, loss, and the intricate relationship between humanity and nature. Browning, on the other hand, wielded the dramatic monologue with intellectual fervor, peering into the psychological complexities of his characters and challenging societal norms with a sharp, incisive wit.

Tennyson's poetry is a testament to the harmonious interplay of language and emotion, weaving a lyrical tapestry that echoes with themes of mortality, faith, and the eternal quest for meaning. His exploration of universal human experiences resonates through his melodious verse, inviting readers into a serene world where contemplation and beauty intertwine. In contrast, Browning's dramatic flair and intellectual depth manifest in his engagement with contemporary issues, provoking critical thought through the vivid portrayals of societal injustices, moral dilemmas, and the intricate web of human relationships.

The narrative techniques employed by these poets paint vivid landscapes of storytelling. Tennyson's use of suspense, vivid imagery, and multiple narrators crafts immersive experiences that delve into the human psyche. His verses often embrace a sense of timelessness, encapsulating the essence of emotions and the fleeting nature of life. Browning, with his mastery of the dramatic monologue, renders a dynamic world of characters whose innermost thoughts and conflicts are laid bare. Through irony, ambiguity, and intense dialogue, he draws readers into a charged space of psychological exploration, challenging perceptions and inviting introspection.

Ultimately, Tennyson and Browning, despite their distinct approaches, shared a commitment to capturing the human experience in its myriad forms. Their poetic legacies continue to resonate, casting a lasting shadow on Victorian literary landscapes and offering timeless reflections on the human condition that transcend the confines of their era.

References:-

BAILEY, SUZANNE. “Robert Browning.” PROJECT MUSE, West Virginia University Press, 22 September 2021, https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/20/article/525997/summary. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Bloom, Harold, and Sterling Professor of Humanities Harold Bloom, editors. Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Facts On File, Incorporated, 2010. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Bristow, Joseph, editor. The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry. Cambridge University Press, 2006, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-victorian-poetry/FDBE0588C575F9F2456A000817AA5267. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Bristow, Joseph, editor. The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry. Cambridge University Press, 2006, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-victorian-poetry/FDBE0588C575F9F2456A000817AA5267. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Bristow, Joseph. “The Cambridge companion to Victorian poetry : Bristow, Joseph : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, 18 March 2014, https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bris_0. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Brown, John. “A Memoir of Robert Blincoe.” Amazon Kindle, Northen Grove Publishing Project, 22 April 2012, https://www.amazon.com/Memoir-Robert-Blincoe-John-Brown-ebook/dp/B007WUO0P2/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Drew, Philip. “Robert Browning | Victorian Poet, Dramatist & Lyricist.” Britannica, 27 October 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Browning. Accessed 13 November 2023.

MESHRAM, PRAKASH N. “ROBERT BROWNING AND ALFRED LORD TENNYSON: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.” PUNE RESEARCH, http://puneresearch.com/media/data/issues/5a72a39a33e96.pdf. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Miller, Hillis J. “Robert Browning(Chapter 21).” Cambridge Core, Cambridge University Press, 28 May 2011, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-victorian-poetry/FDBE0588C575F9F2456A000817AA5267. Accessed 13 November 2023.

N, MADHUSUDANA P. “DRAMATIC MONOLOGUES: A STUDY OF ROBERT BROWNING'S NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES.” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, October 2022, https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2210510.pdf. Accessed 13 November 2023.

O'Gorman, Francis, editor. Victorian Poetry: An Annotated Anthology. 1st edition ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. Accessed 13 November 2023.

THOMAS, MARIAM. “MAJOR THEMES OF ALFRED LORD TENNYSON'S POETRY.” PUNE RESEARCH, http://puneresearch.com/media/data/issues/5eba490253a8c.pdf. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Wallace, William. “Alfred, Lord Tennyson | Victorian Poet & Poetry.” Britannica, 10 October 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Lord-Tennyson. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Widger, David. “The Project Gutenberg Works of Alfred Lord Tennyson.” Project Gutenberg, 14 April 2019, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/59279/59279-h/59279-h.htm. Accessed 13 November 2023.

Words:- 4123

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